高低溫對鋰電池有什么損害
作者(zhe)：
網絡(luo)
編輯：
瑞凱儀(yi)器
來源：
網(wang)絡
發布日期(qi)： 2020.09.16
高低溫對鋰(li)(li)電(dian)池有(you)(you)什么(me)損(sun)害？溫度(du)對鋰(li)(li)電(dian)池充電(dian)的(de)(de)影響(xiang)。在(zai)(zai)目前的(de)(de)電(dian)池商場，鋰(li)(li)電(dian)池憑借(jie)著免維護，使用(yong)壽命(ming)長，無污染等(deng)特性被迅(xun)速(su)遍及(ji)，在(zai)(zai)商場中咱們隨(sui)處(chu)可見使用(yong)鋰(li)(li)電(dian)池的(de)(de)產品，路燈，電(dian)動叉車，基站(zhan)，鐵塔(ta)，掃地機器人，便攜移動辦公等(deng)等(deng)。我們都知道，鋰(li)(li)電(dian)池產品放電(dian)狀態跟(gen)溫度(du)是有(you)(you)影響(xiang)的(de)(de)，比如高溫和低溫都對鋰(li)(li)電(dian)池的(de)(de)工作(zuo)狀態有(you)(you)影響(xiang)，那么(me)，溫度(du)對鋰(li)(li)電(dian)池有(you)(you)什么(me)影響(xiang)？
高低(di)溫對(dui)鋰電池的(de)損害
◆高溫(wen)對(dui)鋰電池的損害
溫(wen)度(du)下降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)的(de)反(fan)應(ying)速率也(ye)下降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)。假設(she)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓保持恒定，放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)低，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)功率輸出(chu)也(ye)會(hui)下降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)。在(zai)所有(you)的(de)環境因素(su)中，溫(wen)度(du)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)充(chong)(chong)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)性能影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)，在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)/電(dian)(dian)(dian)解液(ye)(ye)界面(mian)上的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)學反(fan)應(ying)與環境溫(wen)度(du)有(you)關(guan)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)/電(dian)(dian)(dian)解液(ye)(ye)界面(mian)被視為電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)心臟。如果溫(wen)度(du)上升則相反(fan)，即鋰聚合(he)物電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)輸出(chu)功率會(hui)上升。溫(wen)度(du)也(ye)影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解液(ye)(ye)的(de)傳(chuan)送(song)(song)(song)速度(du)，溫(wen)度(du)上升則加快，傳(chuan)送(song)(song)(song)溫(wen)度(du)下降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)，傳(chuan)送(song)(song)(song)減慢，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)性能也(ye)會(hui)受到(dao)影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)。但溫(wen)度(du)太高，超過45°，會(hui)破(po)壞(huai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)內的(de)化(hua)學平(ping)衡，導(dao)致副反(fan)應(ying)。
◆低(di)溫(wen)對鋰電池的損害
鋰電(dian)(dian)(dian)池短時(shi)間在(zai)低溫環境(jing)(jing)下使用(yong)，或(huo)者(zhe)溫度不夠低的情況下，只會(hui)暫時(shi)影響鋰電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的電(dian)(dian)(dian)池容量(liang)，但不會(hui)造成永久傷害。但是(shi)如果長時(shi)間在(zai)低溫環境(jing)(jing)中(zhong)使用(yong)，或(huo)者(zhe)在(zai)-40℃超低溫環境(jing)(jing)中(zhong)，鋰離子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池可能會(hui)被“凍壞”造成永久損害。
另外，在(zai)低(di)溫(wen)情況(kuang)下(xia)對(dui)鋰離子(zi)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)充電(dian)(dian)，會(hui)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)陽(yang)極(ji)表面(mian)析出金屬鋰，而且這個過程不可逆。這樣就會(hui)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)造(zao)成永久損害(hai)，降(jiang)低(di)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的安全性(xing)。所以很多鋰電(dian)(dian)池(chi)設備會(hui)有保護裝(zhuang)置(zhi)，使得在(zai)低(di)溫(wen)情況(kuang)下(xia)無(wu)法充電(dian)(dian)。
溫度對(dui)鋰(li)電(dian)池充電(dian)的影響
溫度(du)(du)是(shi)電(dian)(dian)動汽車動力電(dian)(dian)源系統中控制的主要(yao)(yao)的參數之一，也是(shi)影響(xiang)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)性(xing)能的主要(yao)(yao)的參數，在電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的所有檢測(ce)制度(du)(du)中，必須注明溫度(du)(du)，原(yuan)因就是(shi)溫度(du)(du)對電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)性(xing)能影響(xiang)比較(jiao)大，包(bao)括(kuo)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的內阻、充電(dian)(dian)性(xing)能、放電(dian)(dian)性(xing)能、安全性(xing)、壽(shou)命等。
隨著溫度(du)的降低(di)，鋰離子電池(chi)的放(fang)(fang)電平均電壓(ya)和放(fang)(fang)電容量均有所降低(di)，尤其當溫度(du)為-20℃時，電池(chi)的放(fang)(fang)電容量和放(fang)(fang)電平均電壓(ya)下(xia)降較快(kuai)。
從電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)學角度(du)分析，溶(rong)液(ye)(ye)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻、SEI膜(mo)(mo)(mo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻在整(zheng)個(ge)溫度(du)范圍(wei)內(nei)變化(hua)(hua)(hua)不(bu)大，對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)低(di)(di)溫性能的(de)(de)影響較(jiao)小；電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)傳遞電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻隨(sui)(sui)溫度(du)的(de)(de)降(jiang)低(di)(di)而顯(xian)著增加，且(qie)在整(zheng)個(ge)溫度(du)范圍(wei)內(nei)隨(sui)(sui)溫度(du)的(de)(de)變化(hua)(hua)(hua)都明顯(xian)大于溶(rong)液(ye)(ye)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻和(he)SEI膜(mo)(mo)(mo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻。這是因為隨(sui)(sui)著溫度(du)的(de)(de)降(jiang)低(di)(di)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)離子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導率隨(sui)(sui)之降(jiang)低(di)(di)，SEI膜(mo)(mo)(mo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)學反應(ying)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻隨(sui)(sui)之增大，導致低(di)(di)溫下歐姆極化(hua)(hua)(hua)、濃差極化(hua)(hua)(hua)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)學極化(hua)(hua)(hua)均(jun)(jun)增大，在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)曲線上就(jiu)表現為平(ping)均(jun)(jun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓和(he)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)量(liang)均(jun)(jun)隨(sui)(sui)著溫度(du)降(jiang)低(di)(di)而降(jiang)低(di)(di)。
鋰電池(chi)的(de)佳(jia)使(shi)用溫度是(shi)(shi)0到35攝(she)氏度。低溫環境會(hui)降低鋰離(li)子的(de)活性，電池(chi)放電能力變(bian)弱，使(shi)用時間縮短(duan)。如果鋰電池(chi)處于低溫環境的(de)時間較短(duan)，這種損害只(zhi)是(shi)(shi)暫時的(de)，不會(hui)對電池(chi)容量產生損害。當溫度回升(sheng)之(zhi)后，性能會(hui)恢(hui)復。
不過，如果電(dian)池(chi)(chi)長時(shi)間(jian)在低(di)溫(wen)環境(jing)下工作和充放(fang)電(dian)，電(dian)池(chi)(chi)陽極表面會(hui)析出金屬(shu)鋰，這個過程不可逆，會(hui)對電(dian)池(chi)(chi)容量造成永久損害。低(di)溫(wen)下手機會(hui)自動關機，一方(fang)(fang)面是出于(yu)保(bao)護(hu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的原因，另一方(fang)(fang)面，也是自身電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的制造不合格和老化(hua)所(suo)致。
總結：由(you)于鋰(li)離(li)子電(dian)池(chi)在低溫放電(dian)時的(de)電(dian)壓平臺更低，因此會(hui)造成(cheng)(cheng)低溫下(xia)放電(dian)容(rong)量的(de)明(ming)顯降低，但是(shi)這種損失(shi)會(hui)隨著常溫充(chong)放電(dian)的(de)進(jin)行而(er)自動彌補，屬(shu)于可(ke)逆的(de)損失(shi)。但是(shi)對于低溫充(chong)電(dian)而(er)言(yan)，溫度(du)過低或者倍率過大都(dou)會(hui)造成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)芯不可(ke)逆的(de)形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)鋰(li)枝晶(jing)和不可(ke)逆的(de)容(rong)量損失(shi)，并影響(xiang)電(dian)池(chi)的(de)安全性能。
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