高(gao)低溫對鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)有(you)什(shen)(shen)么(me)損害？溫度對鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)充電(dian)(dian)的(de)影(ying)響。在目前的(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)商場(chang)，鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)憑借著免(mian)維(wei)護，使用(yong)壽命長，無污染等(deng)特(te)性被迅(xun)速遍及，在商場(chang)中咱們隨(sui)處可(ke)見(jian)使用(yong)鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)產(chan)品，路燈，電(dian)(dian)動叉(cha)車，基站，鐵塔，掃地機(ji)器人，便攜移動辦公等(deng)等(deng)。我們都知道，鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)產(chan)品放電(dian)(dian)狀態跟溫度是有(you)影(ying)響的(de)，比如高(gao)溫和(he)低溫都對鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)工作狀態有(you)影(ying)響，那么(me)，溫度對鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)有(you)什(shen)(shen)么(me)影(ying)響？
高低溫對(dui)鋰(li)電池(chi)的損害
◆高溫對鋰電(dian)池的損害
溫(wen)度(du)下降(jiang)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)的(de)反(fan)應(ying)速率(lv)也(ye)下降(jiang)。假設(she)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓保持恒定，放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)降(jiang)低(di)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)功率(lv)輸(shu)出(chu)也(ye)會(hui)下降(jiang)。在所有的(de)環(huan)境(jing)因素中(zhong)，溫(wen)度(du)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)充放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)性能影響(xiang)(xiang)，在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)/電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液(ye)界面上的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化學反(fan)應(ying)與環(huan)境(jing)溫(wen)度(du)有關，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)/電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液(ye)界面被視為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)心臟。如果溫(wen)度(du)上升則(ze)相反(fan)，即鋰聚(ju)合物(wu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池輸(shu)出(chu)功率(lv)會(hui)上升。溫(wen)度(du)也(ye)影響(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液(ye)的(de)傳送(song)速度(du)，溫(wen)度(du)上升則(ze)加快，傳送(song)溫(wen)度(du)下降(jiang)，傳送(song)減慢，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)性能也(ye)會(hui)受到(dao)影響(xiang)(xiang)。但溫(wen)度(du)太(tai)高(gao)，超過45°，會(hui)破(po)壞電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池內的(de)化學平衡，導致(zhi)副反(fan)應(ying)。
◆低溫對鋰電池的(de)損(sun)害
鋰電池短時(shi)間在(zai)(zai)低溫(wen)環境(jing)下(xia)使用，或者溫(wen)度不夠(gou)低的情(qing)況下(xia)，只會暫時(shi)影響鋰電池的電池容量，但(dan)不會造成(cheng)永久(jiu)傷害。但(dan)是如果長時(shi)間在(zai)(zai)低溫(wen)環境(jing)中(zhong)使用，或者在(zai)(zai)-40℃超低溫(wen)環境(jing)中(zhong)，鋰離(li)子(zi)電池可能會被“凍壞”造成(cheng)永久(jiu)損害。
; 另外(wai)，在低(di)溫(wen)情況下(xia)對鋰(li)離(li)子電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)，會(hui)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)陽極表(biao)面析出金(jin)屬鋰(li)，而且這個(ge)過(guo)程不可逆。這樣就會(hui)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)造(zao)成永(yong)久損(sun)害，降低(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)安全性。所(suo)以(yi)很(hen)多鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)設備會(hui)有保護裝置，使得在低(di)溫(wen)情況下(xia)無法充電(dian)(dian)(dian)。
溫(wen)度對鋰(li)電(dian)池(chi)充電(dian)的影響
溫(wen)度是電(dian)動汽(qi)車動力電(dian)源系(xi)統中控制的(de)(de)主要的(de)(de)參(can)數之一，也是影(ying)響電(dian)池性(xing)能(neng)的(de)(de)主要的(de)(de)參(can)數，在電(dian)池的(de)(de)所有檢測制度中，必須注明溫(wen)度，原因就是溫(wen)度對電(dian)池性(xing)能(neng)影(ying)響比較(jiao)大，包括電(dian)池的(de)(de)內阻、充電(dian)性(xing)能(neng)、放電(dian)性(xing)能(neng)、安(an)全性(xing)、壽命等。
隨(sui)著溫度(du)的降(jiang)低，鋰離子電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的放(fang)電(dian)(dian)平(ping)均電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)和放(fang)電(dian)(dian)容量(liang)均有所降(jiang)低，尤其當(dang)溫度(du)為-20℃時，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的放(fang)電(dian)(dian)容量(liang)和放(fang)電(dian)(dian)平(ping)均電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)下降(jiang)較快(kuai)。
從電(dian)(dian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)角度(du)(du)分析，溶液(ye)(ye)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)、SEI膜(mo)(mo)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)在(zai)整個(ge)(ge)溫度(du)(du)范(fan)圍(wei)內(nei)變化(hua)(hua)(hua)不(bu)大(da)，對電(dian)(dian)池低(di)溫性能的(de)(de)(de)影響較小(xiao)；電(dian)(dian)荷傳遞電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)隨溫度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)降低(di)而(er)(er)顯(xian)著增(zeng)加，且(qie)在(zai)整個(ge)(ge)溫度(du)(du)范(fan)圍(wei)內(nei)隨溫度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)變化(hua)(hua)(hua)都(dou)明(ming)顯(xian)大(da)于溶液(ye)(ye)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)和(he)SEI膜(mo)(mo)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)。這(zhe)是因為(wei)隨著溫度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)降低(di)，電(dian)(dian)解液(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)離子電(dian)(dian)導率隨之降低(di)，SEI膜(mo)(mo)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)和(he)電(dian)(dian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)反應電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)隨之增(zeng)大(da)，導致(zhi)低(di)溫下歐姆極化(hua)(hua)(hua)、濃差極化(hua)(hua)(hua)和(he)電(dian)(dian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)極化(hua)(hua)(hua)均(jun)增(zeng)大(da)，在(zai)電(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)放電(dian)(dian)曲線上就表現(xian)為(wei)平均(jun)電(dian)(dian)壓和(he)放電(dian)(dian)容量均(jun)隨著溫度(du)(du)降低(di)而(er)(er)降低(di)。
鋰(li)電池(chi)(chi)的(de)佳使用溫(wen)度是0到35攝氏度。低(di)溫(wen)環(huan)境會(hui)降低(di)鋰(li)離子的(de)活性，電池(chi)(chi)放電能力(li)變弱，使用時(shi)間縮(suo)短。如果鋰(li)電池(chi)(chi)處(chu)于低(di)溫(wen)環(huan)境的(de)時(shi)間較短，這種損害(hai)只(zhi)是暫時(shi)的(de)，不會(hui)對電池(chi)(chi)容量產(chan)生損害(hai)。當溫(wen)度回升之后，性能會(hui)恢復。
不過(guo)，如果電(dian)池(chi)(chi)長(chang)時間在低(di)溫環境下工作和(he)充(chong)放電(dian)，電(dian)池(chi)(chi)陽(yang)極表面會(hui)析出金屬鋰，這個(ge)過(guo)程不可(ke)逆(ni)，會(hui)對電(dian)池(chi)(chi)容量造成(cheng)永久損害。低(di)溫下手機會(hui)自動關機，一方面是(shi)出于保護電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的原因，另一方面，也是(shi)自身電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的制造不合格(ge)和(he)老(lao)化所致。
總結：由于鋰離子電(dian)池(chi)在(zai)低(di)溫放電(dian)時的(de)(de)電(dian)壓平臺更(geng)低(di)，因(yin)此會造成(cheng)低(di)溫下(xia)放電(dian)容(rong)量的(de)(de)明(ming)顯降低(di)，但是這種損(sun)失會隨著常溫充(chong)放電(dian)的(de)(de)進行而自動(dong)彌補(bu)，屬(shu)于可(ke)逆的(de)(de)損(sun)失。但是對(dui)于低(di)溫充(chong)電(dian)而言，溫度過(guo)低(di)或者(zhe)倍率(lv)過(guo)大都會造成(cheng)電(dian)芯不(bu)可(ke)逆的(de)(de)形成(cheng)鋰枝晶(jing)和不(bu)可(ke)逆的(de)(de)容(rong)量損(sun)失，并影響電(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)安全性能。
